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In 1851, French scientist Leon Foucault  gave a sensational demonstration in the Paris Pantheon proving that the Earth revolved around its axis -- known as diurnal motion -- before a group of dignitaries that included Napoleon III. He suspended a heavy brass bob by a wire from the Pantheon's ceiling to create a pendulum and let it swing freely in any direction along its vertical axis (a key feature).

As time passed, the swings rotated in response to the Earth's rotation. Quod erat demonstratum. Einstein's theory of general relativity further buttressed the phenomenon by provided an explanation of "why the oscillation plane of the pendulum does not remain fixed in absolute space, as expected by Foucault, but is slowly dragged by the presence of the rotating Earth."

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